Index on Censorship » memorial

Human rights activists detained in Chechnya

Intern — Fri, 12 Feb 2010 17:56:26 +0000

Officials detained for 15 hours three human rights activists who were attempting to compile a list of missing persons. Aleksandr Cherkasov of the Moscow-based Memorial Human Rights Center said neither the reason for their detention nor their release were explained. Civil liberties groups including Human Rights Watch have called for an investigation into the detentions.

Chechnya: president wins Estemirova “defamation” trial

Index on Censorship — Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:32:02 +0000

Chechen president Ramzan Kadyrov has won a defamation case against human rights group Memorial and its head, Oleg Orlov. But the trial has given the organisation a chance to address the injustices in the region. Tanya Lokshina reports

A Moscow court has delivered a verdict in the defamation trial against the head of the Russian NGO, Memorial, Oleg Orlov. The victorious plaintiff is the president of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov, who claims that Orlov damaged his honour and dignity when alleging Kadyrov was responsible for the murder of Natalia Estemirova.

Estemirova, a lead researcher for Memorial in Chechnya, was murdered on 15 July having been abducted in the middle of Grozny. In his press statement in the wake of the killing, Orlov said that Kadyrov was to blame — not for executing the killing or giving the order (the exact identity of the perpetrators and those behind the killing remains unknown), but rather for fostering a culture of lawlessness and violence in Chechnya where law enforcement and security agencies could commit such heinous crimes with absolute impunity. Orlov also claimed that Kadyrov regarded Estemirova as his personal enemy and that he made human rights work in Chechnya impossible.

Kadyrov sued for offence to his “honour and dignity” (a defamation case translates into Russian as a “case for protection of honour and dignity”), so it is ironic that in a Radio Liberty interview on 8 August he called Estemirova a woman “with neither honour, nor conscience, not dignity”.

The president demanded that Orlov and Memorial publish a retraction and pay 10 million roubles (approximately US$333,000) in damages. In the event, the court said Memorial must pay Kadyrov 50,000 roubles (US$1,677) in damages and Orlov an extra 20,000 roubles (US$670.9), with Orlov also obliged to retract his accusation.

When the hearing opened on 25 September, Kadyrov’s lawyer, Krasnenkov, acknowledged that his client was ready to settle for a retraction and drop the monetary claim. Orlov declined. Not that he had a choice, really. He made clear in his statement in court that he had said those accusatory words in earnest with the full backing of Memorial, and his views remained unchanged.

Orlov asked the court to allow six witnesses — colleagues from Memorial and other Chechnya experts — to testify in his defence. Kadyrov presented no witnesses.

Orlov’s one-hour statement in court explained in detail why he had found it appropriate to accuse the president of Chechnya. He quoted Kadyrov’s own speeches in which the Chechen president admitted that he had killed people, called for lawless counter-insurgency measures and promoted collective punishment against relatives of alleged insurgents. He summarised volumes of Memorial’s research as well as the research findings of international human rights NGOs regarding the crimes perpetrated by law-enforcement and security agencies under Kadyrov’s de facto control. And he referred to public remarks by Kadyrov and his closest cohorts about how human rights defenders work to support insurgents and damage Chechnya and Russia.

Orlov’s witnesses continued along the same lines. They spoke of the two extremely hostile personal meetings Kadyrov had with Estemirova, explained how he raised his voice, used offensive language, and made threatening gestures and remarks. They made clear that the only two occasions when Estemirova stayed abroad for longer than a few days was after those two meetings with Kadyrov, in summer 2004 and spring 2008 respectively.

On both occasions Estemirova had to go to a safe country for several months because her colleagues feared for her physical security, and she knew that their concern was well-founded. The witnesses also spoke about their futile efforts to carry on with genuine human rights investigations in Chechnya, where people have been silenced, paralysed by fear of repercussions, no longer daring to take their grievances to court; where local activists stayed away from “sensitive cases” and refrained from any criticism of President Kadyrov, his way of governance, and the actions of his servicemen; where, finally, Estemirova’s friends from a range of Chechen NGOs thought that holding a small memorial event in Grozny on the 40th day since her murder would be “suicidal”.

When explaining to the judge why his client was asking for such a large sum of money in damages, Krasnenkov argued that Kadyrov’s mother had not been able to stop crying since the day she heard her son had been accused of murder. Kadyrov’s little son approached his father after a news broadcast in July and asked, “Daddy, are you really a killer?” This, the lawyer argued, distressed Kadyrov, whom Krasnenkov described as “a caring son and loving father”. The plaintiff also argued that Orlov’s statement caused his image and reputation in Russia and abroad to suffer, alluding to interviews published in the world’s leading media outlets.

Krasnenkov said that Orlov’s argument about human rights work in Chechnya being impossible was nonsensical because he knew several Chechens who came from Moscow to work for Kadyrov and were doing very well. Finally, he hinted that he would not be surprised to find out that Memorial was behind the killing of Estemirova, thus following the guidance of its foreign donors working to destroy Chechnya and Russia. The latter remark seemed to particularly impress all those present in the court room.

The audience was filled to capacity. Many of those who wished to be present did not fit into the cramped, airless court room and had to stand outside for hours, taking turns listening through the cracks in the closed doors. Among those unfortunate ones, there were quite a few journalists who interviewed witnesses such as myself, while they waited to be called upon, and photographed a draft of Orlov’s speech, which I grudgingly passed on to them, though those 10 pages were adorned with my own hastily scribbled comments. A bunch of TV correspondents laden with bulky cameras were shivering in the cold autumn drizzle, waiting in the yard of the court building for Orlov and Krasnenkov to come out during the recess.

In the late afternoon of 25 September, the judge closed the hearing and scheduled the second one for 6 October, to hear more defence witnesses, have the two sides exchange their final remarks, and pass the verdict.

In spite of yesterday’s verdict, that day in court was a victory for Orlov and Memorial. The trial against Orlov felt like a trial against Kadyrov, a unique platform to raise questions about Chechnya under Kadyrov’s governance.

Tanya Lokshina is Russia Researcher for Human Rights Watch

Out of sight

Index on Censorship — Fri, 28 Aug 2009 12:42:42 +0000

The murder of Natalia Estimerova was a stark reminder of the dangers human rights workers in Chechnya face when trying to draw attention to the region, writes Memorial’s Dokka Itslaev

On 27 August, the Moscow Times reported that human rights workers — and journalists covering them — were increasingly reluctant to carry out their work in the troubled republic. This followed Novaya gazeta ’s decision on 12 August to withdraw their reporters from Chechnya.

Akhmed Gisayev is the latest employee from the human rights organisation Memorial to come under threat. Giyasev, who worked with murdered activist Natalia Estemerova investigating human rights violations, was said to have been harassed and under surveillance by the security service during the third week in August. This followed the shocking murders of three human rights workers in July and August.

On 15 July 2009 Memorial activist Natalia Estemirova was abducted in Grozny. On the same day, her corpse was found in Ingushetia, one of Chechnya’s neighbouring republics in the North Caucasus, bearing signs of a violent death. Estemirova was one of Memorial’s key representatives in Grozny, deeply involved in the issue of human rights violations in Chechnya. The international media frequently published commentary and reports from her on the situation in the North Caucasus. It is plain to her colleagues that Estemirova’s murder stemmed from her professional activity, including, perhaps to a great extent, her strong media presence. For Natalia was not only a human rights activist, but also a hardworking journalist. Indeed, several days before her murder, Chechnya’s human rights commissioner Nurdi Nukhazhiyev summoned the head of Memorial’s Grozny office and explicitly indicated that the Chechen authorities were deeply unhappy with Estemirova’s repeated insistence to wash their “dirty linen in public”, referring to Estemirova’s articles and interviews for various publications.

Up to the time of her murder, Natalia Estemirova had been working personally on a number of new cases of abduction, murder and torture in Chechnya. Chief among them was the case of Rizvan Albekov and his son Aziz Albekov from the village of Akhkinchu-Borzoi, who had been abducted on 7 July 2009 from Dzhugurty village, Kurchaloyevsky district, in the Chechen Republic, allegedly by officers from the local district police department. Several hours later, armed men accused Rizvan Albekov of assisting the rebels and publicly executed him in the centre of Akhkinchu-Borzoi. Natalia Estemirova not only publicised this case, she also tried hard to get the authorities to institute criminal proceedings and to punish the perpetrators.

The second case was no less high profile: the abduction of Zelimkhan Khadzhiyev and Apti Zaynalov in Grozny on 28 June 2009. Thanks to Estemirova’s efforts, this case also reached the public eye. Chechen Memorial members found Zaynalov in the district hospital on 3 July 2009. He had been subjected to severe torture and was being treated for his injuries.

Natalia tried ceaselessly to secure Zaynalov’s release and bring about a criminal investigation into his torture and unlawful detention. On 7 July, Estemirova and Zaynalov’s mother visited the public prosecutor for Achkhoi-Martanovsky district and demanded the release of the detainee and punishment for the offenders. On that very day, however, the security forces moved Zaynalov to a hidden location.

Following the murder of Estemirova, Zelimkhan Khadzhiyev was released. It seems the circumstances of his abduction were so scandalous that once they were under the spotlight, the local security forces were left with no option but to free him.

Over recent months the Chechen authorities have repeatedly proclaimed that Chechnya is the safest, most stable region in Russia, that abduction, murder and torture are a thing of the past. However, information published on various websites illustrates the exact opposite to be the case. In 2009, kidnappings have risen almost twofold compared with 2008. This information is supported by concrete examples from the reality of everyday life in Chechnya. Estemirova’s murder was an attempt to shut a window on to the horrific events taking place in Chechnya, and to stop information about these events getting out.

To put the rest of the human rights activists in their place, to show who really ordered and executed this crime, to display their power and impunity, the criminals kidnapped Natalia in broad daylight, took her through several checkpoints into the neighbouring republic and killed her in a busy and accessible location, not far from the Kavkaz highway.

On 10 August, Zarema Sadulayeva, head of the organisation Let’s Save the Generation, and her husband Alik Dzhabrailov were taken by unidentified men at 2pm from the organisation’s Grozny office. About half an hour later, the criminals returned and took away Alik Dzhabrailov’s car and the couple’s telephones and computer. These events took place, again, in a busy area, not far from Memorial’s office.

The following morning, Zarema and her husband’s corpses were found in Grozny. During the ritual washing of Zarema’s corpse, it emerged that she had been killed in the same way as Natalia had, with shots to the head and heart. As usual, the authorities have put forward a number of theories about what happened. Many people are wondering why Zarema and her husband were chosen this time. Whom could Zarema have offended, with over 100 operations on sick Chechen children to her name? Perhaps only the criminals can be sure what motive moved them to carry out this heinous crime. Yet some of the circumstances would suggest that their killing was a continuation of the crime committed against Natalia. After her murder, Memorial suspended its work in Chechnya. The organisation intended to return to the question of possible work in the region at the end of August. But those who ordered the hit on Natalia did not welcome Memorial’s return. They would only start “washing dirty linen in public” once again. When the situation is seen from this perspective, those who murdered Zarema Sadulayeva and Alik Dzhabrailov had a clearly defined goal: to secure the curtailment of the activities of independent NGOs in Chechnya, once and for all curing the problem of news leaking from the region. Certain people now want Chechnya to have an Iron Curtain. And the assassinations of Natalia Estemirova, Zarema Sadulayeva and Alik Dzhabrailov bear the same signature: abduction in broad daylight, in a busy city, and death by gunshots to the head and heart.

Dokka Itslaev is director of the Chechnya branch of Memorial and researcher for the Russia Justice Initiative
http://www.srji.org/en/

Translation by Anna Gunin

Rights activist harrassed in Chechnya

Index on Censorship — Wed, 19 Aug 2009 11:27:42 +0000

Akhmed Gisayev, a Memorial employee who had been working with Natalia Estemirova to investigate a sensitive human rights case in the days before her murder in July has experienced a series of menacing events in the past days and weeks. Gisayev, who lives in the Chechen capital, Gronzy, has reported being stopped by armed men in the street, having his flat searched and being under constant surveillance by security services. Read more here

Memorial activist killed

Index on Censorship — Wed, 15 Jul 2009 16:02:19 +0000

Natalia Estemirova, a researcher for Russian group memorial, has been found dead in Ingushetia. Read more here

Orlando Figes: a victory for Russian history

Orlando Figes — Thu, 14 May 2009 15:07:24 +0000

A St Petersburg court has confirmed that the police raid on Gulag archive Memorial was illegal

A small victory for historical justice was won in the courts of St Petersburg last week. In a final ruling on the police raid of the
Memorial archives in St Petersburg, on 6 May the City Court of St Petersburg upheld the decision of an earlier court ruling that the raid carried out on 4 December had been illegal because no lawyer had been present for Memorial — a procedural violation under Russian law.

In legal terms, it is only a partial victory for Memorial, which had listed several other procedural violations in its appeal against the raid on 20 January. Politically it leaves the human rights and historical research society in no less danger of repression by the Russian state — for the City Court insisted that the raid was “justified”, although it was illegal.

But in practical terms it is a significant victory. For the court ruled that the 12 hard disks containing the archives — invaluable data on the history of repression in the Soviet Union — must now be returned to Memorial in St Petersburg.

The raid took place on 4 December, when a group of masked men from the Investigative Committee of the Russian General Prosecutor’s Office forced their way with police truncheons into the St Petersburg offices of Memorial, which for 20 years has pioneered the research of Stalinist repressions in the Soviet Union.

After a search the men confiscated hard-drives containing the entire archive of Memorial in St Petersburg: databases containing biographical information on more than 50,000 victims of repression; details about burial sites in the St Petersburg area; family archives, memoirs, letters, sound recordings and transcripts of interviews, photographs and other documents about the history of the Gulag and the Soviet Terror from 1917 to the 1960s (including the materials I collected with Memorial in St Petersburg for my book The Whisperers).

Among the confiscated items was the entire collection of materials in the Virtual Gulag Museum, a much-needed initiative to rescue precious artifacts, photographs and documents from more than a hundred small exhibits under threat across Russia (a country where there is just one substantial museum of the Gulag, Perm-36, in the Urals).

A spokesman for the Investigative Committee of the Russian General Prosecutor’s Office said the raid was part of an investigation of a criminal case involving the publication of an article inciting racial hatred in a local newspaper, Novy Peterburg, in June 2007. There is no evidence of any connection between Memorial and Novy Peterburg, or with the author of the article.

On 20 January, an appeal against the raid (which was carried out with a number of illegal irregularities) was upheld by the Dzerzhinsky Regional Court in St Petersburg, which ordered the return of all the confiscated materials to Memorial. On 24 February, this decision was overturned by the City Court of St Petersburg after an appeal by the Procuracy of St Petersburg.

It seems fairly clear that the aim of the raid was to intimidate Memorial, which has long been the target of political attacks by the Russian government. The human rights wing of Memorial has been very critical of the Putin and Medvedev governments, particularly over Chechnya.

But the raid is also part of a broader ideological struggle over Soviet history and memory. It was timed to coincide with a large international conference entitled “Moscow on The History of Stalinism: Results and Problems of Study” — the first conference on such a scale. As if to underline the political motive of the raid, conference delegates were given complimentary copies of a special issue of Russkii Zhurnal (Russian Journal), On the Politics of Memory, in which there were two vicious attacks on Memorial, one by Gleb Pavlovsky, the journal’s editor and a presidential adviser, in an article entitled Bad with Memory – Bad with Politics.

Russkii Zhurnal aims to create an intellectual base for Putin’s pseudo-democracy. The attacks on Memorial are part of a broader ideological campaign led by figures close to the Kremlin for the rehabilitation of Stalin. The aim is not to deny Stalin’s crimes but to emphasise his achievements as the builder of the country’s “glorious Soviet past”.

At a conference in June 2007, Putin called on Russia’s schoolteachers to portray the Stalin period in a more positive light. It was Stalin who made Soviet Union great, who won the war against Hitler, and his “mistakes” were no worse than the crimes of western states, he said. Textbooks dwelling on the Great Terror and the Gulag have been censored; historians attacked as “anti-patriotic” for highlighting Stalin’s crimes.

The presidential administration has promoted its own textbook, The Modern History of Russia, 1945-2006: A Teacher’s Handbook. According to one of its authors, the Kremlin propagandist Pavel Danilin, its aim is to present Russian history “not as a depressing sequence of misfortunes and mistakes but as something to instill pride in one’s country. This is precisely how teachers must teach history and not smear the Motherland with mud.” Danilin is a close associate of Gleb Pavlovsky and writes frequently for Russkii Zhurnal.

Memorial in St Petersburg will now begin the lengthy technical process of checking through the 12 confiscated disks to find out whether they have suffered any damage or loss of material while they were in the hands of the police.

In a statement announcing the return of the hard disks, Tatiana Kossinova of Memorial thanked supporters from around the world, who signed letters and petitions in their thousands protesting against the raid. Thanks are due to all those who signed the petition on Index on Censorship. “This is our common victory,” Kossinova said.

Perhaps our victory goes to show that the rule of law can be made to work in Russia when the world is watching it.

Russia’s re-education

Index on Censorship — Tue, 03 Mar 2009 16:15:52 +0000

My history book is the latest victim of the Kremlin’s attempts to rehabilitate the Soviet Union, says Orlando Figes

Yesterday, the Moscow publishing house Atticus Group (Inostranka) cancelled a contract to publish my latest book in Russia. The reason given by the publisher is the economic situation,which may be part of the story, though I suspect (as do my friends in Russia) that the real reason is political. The history in my book is inconvenient to the current regime in Russia.

The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin’s Russia draws on several hundred family archives and thousands of interviews with survivors of the Stalinist regime which I conducted with Memorial, a nationwide human rights and historical research centre which for twenty years has pioneered the research of Stalinist repressions in the Soviet Union. Memorial has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize three times in the past three years.

On 4 December a group of masked men from the Investigative Committee of the Russian General Prosecutor¹s Office forced their way with police truncheons into the St Petersburg offices of Memorial. After a search the men confiscated hard-drives containing the entire archive of Memorial in St Petersburg: databases with biographical information on victims of repression; details about burial sites in the St Petersburg area; family archives; sound recordings and transcripts of interviews.

Among the confiscated items was the entire collection of materials in the Virtual Gulag Museum, a much-needed initiative to rescue precious artefacts, photographs and documents from more than a hundred small exhibits under threat across Russia (a country where there is just one substantial museum of the Gulag, Perm-36, in the Urals).

All the materials I collected with Memorial in St Petersburg (about one-third of the sources used in The Whisperers) were also confiscated by the police. Luckily, I have copies of the documents on my website (www.orlandofiges.com). But the rest of the confiscated items remain in the hands of the police.

The raid on Memorial is part of a broader ideological struggle over the control of history publications and teaching in Russia that may have influenced the decision of Atticus to cancel my contract.

The Kremlin has been actively campaigning for the rehabilitation of Stalin. Its aim is not to deny Stalin’s crimes but to emphasise his achievements as the builder of the country’s ‘glorious Soviet past.’ It wants Russians to take pride in Soviet history and not to be burdened with a paralysing sense of guilt about the repressions of the Stalin period.

At a conference in June 2007, Putin called on Russia’s schoolteachers to portray the Stalin period in a more positive light. It was Stalin who made Soviet Union great, who won the war against Hitler, and his ‘mistakes’ were no worse than the crimes of Western states, he said. Textbooks dwelling on the Great Terror and the Gulag have been censored; historians attacked as ‘anti-patriotic’ for highlighting Stalin’s crimes.

The presidential administration has promoted its own textbook, The Modern History of Russia, 1945-2006: A Teacher’s Handbook. According to one of its authors, the Kremlin propagandist Pavel Danilin, its aim is to present Russian history ‘not as a depressing sequence of misfortunes and mistakes but as something to instill pride in one’s country. This is precisely how teachers much teach history and not smear the Motherland with mud.’

Danilin is a close associate of Gleb Pavlovsky, a presidential adviser and the editor of the Russian Journal, which aims to create an intellectual base for Putin’s pseudo-democracy.

A special December issue on the ‘Politics of Memory’ was published to coincide with the raid on Memorial. It contained two articles viciously attacking the work of Memorial for playing into the hands foreign historians accused of setting out to blacken Soviet history by focusing on Stalin’s crimes.

The Whisperers has been translated into 22 foreign languages, including all the European languages of the former Soviet Union – except Russian, it now seems.

Orlando Figes is professor of history at Birkbeck College, University of London

An open letter to President Medvedev

Index on Censorship — Mon, 08 Dec 2008 15:55:38 +0000

Memorial’s historical archive must be restored immediately. An open letter from Orlando Figes and some of the world’s leading academics

Dmitrii Medvedev, President of the Russian Federation
Valentina Matvienko, Governor of St Petersburg
Vladimir Lukin, Russian Federal Ombudsman for Human Rights
Rashid Nurgaliev, Minister of Internal Affairs
Sergey Lavrov, Minister of Foreign Affairs
Yuriy Chaika, General Public Prosecutor of Russian Federation
Vladimir Startsev, Public Prosecutor of Leningrad region,

5 December 2008

We, the 259 signatories of this letter, members of the worldwide scholarly community, wish to express our deep concern at the actions of members of the Public Prosecutor’s Office of St Petersburg on 4 December 2008 during a raid of the premises of the Research and Information Centre Memorial in St Petersburg, ul. Rubinshteina 23-105, which resulted in the confiscation of the Centre’s electronic archive.

RIC Memorial is renowned for its research into the history of repression under Stalin, the phenomenon of the Gulag and unofficial movements of the 1950s-1980s in the USSR. The staff of RIC Memorial helped to establish the fate of many thousands of people, citizens of the USSR and other countries, who fell victim to the repressions during the 1930s-1950s. Many of us know members of RIC Memorial’s staff in person or have used the organisation’s archive.

A total of eleven hard drives were confiscated. These drives hold several databases containing: biographical information on more than 50,000 victims of Stalinist repression; the results of the search for execution and burial sites of victims of repression (several hundred sites described or photographed); the photo collection (over 10,000 photographs) and accompanying textual material of the ‘Virtual Gulag Museum’, which is a unique online source linking more than one hundred local Russian museums. Also confiscated were the database to the oral history archive and an electronic collection of photographs, including scans of historic materials from private archives. What is more, the prosecutors took a hard drive and documents belonging to the art historian Aleksandr Margolis, a member of Memorial and the director of the International Charitable Foundation for the Renaissance of St. Petersburg-Leningrad, who is known for his commitment to the preservation of St Petersburg’s historic architecture.

The scholarly community fears the loss of a unique collection, which has been amassed over the course of more than twenty years of dedicated research. This collection is of priceless value for future generations of researchers in both Russia and the wider world and must not be compromised or destroyed.

We are dismayed at the way the results of scholarly research and researchers are being treated by the authorities of St Petersburg and urge you to take action to ensure the electronic archive is immediately returned to its rightful owners.

Yours sincerely,

Orlando Figes, FRSL
Professor of History
Birkbeck College
University of London

Catriona Kelly FBA
Professor of Russian,
Director, European Humanities Research Centre
University of Oxford, UK

Dr. Mary McAuley
University of Oxford, UK

Laura Engelstein,
Henry S. McNeil Professor of Russian History,
Department Chair, Department of History
Yale University, USA

Beth Holmgren
President, AAASS (2008)
Professor and Director of Graduate Studies
Department of Slavic and Eurasian Studies
Duke University, USA

Sheila Fitzpatrick, D. Phil. (Oxon.),
Bernadotte E. Schmitt Distinguished Service Professor in Modern Russian History,
University of Chicago, USA
Fellow, Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin.
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellow, Australian Academy of the Humanities

William G. Rosenberg,
Alfred G. Meyer Collegiate Professor of History,
University of Michigan, USA
Past President, American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studes

Istvan Rev
Professor of History, Central European University
Director, Open Society Archives

Malcolm V. Jones BA PhD,
Emeritus Professor of Russian and Slavonic Studies,
University of Nottingham, UK

Caroline Humphrey FBA
Professor of Asian Anthropology
Fellow of Kings College,
University of Cambridge, UK

Simon Franklin
Professor of Slavonic Studies,
University of Cambridge,
Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Alexandra Hrycak
President, American Association for Ukrainian Studies
Chair of the Department of Sociology,
Reed College (Portland, USA)

Sergei Bogatyrev,
Senior Lecturer in Early Russian History
Director, Centre for Russian Studies
School of Slavonic and East European Studies
University College London, UK

Antony Beevor FRSL
Visiting Professor
Birkbeck College, UK

Anne Applebaum,
Author of Gulag: A History,
Winner of 2004 Pulitzer prize

Simon Sebag Montefiore
Author of Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar

Andrew Solomon
Lecturer in Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College
Winner of the National Book Award
Pulitzer Prize finalist
Writer, The New York Times, The New Yorker

Donna Tussing Orwin, Professor
Department of Slavic Languages and Literature
University of Toronto, Canada
President, Tolstoy Society
Recipent, Pushkin Medal for Promotion of Russian Literature and Language, 2007

John Elsworth, MA PhD,
Professor Emeritus, University of Manchester,
President of ICCEES (International Council for Central and East European Studies)

Jehanne Gheith
Associate Professor and Chair,
Slavic and Eurasian Studies
Co-Director, International Comparative Studies
Duke University, USA

G.S. Smith, FBA,
Professor Emeritus of Russian,
University of Oxford, UK

Dr Barbara Heldt,
Professor Emeritus of Russian,
University of British Columbia, USA

Josephine von Zitzewitz, MA, MPhil
DPhil candidate in Russian literature
University of Oxford, UK

Geoffrey Hosking, FBA
Emeritus Professor of Russian History
University College London, UK

Anatoly M. Khazanov, FBA
Ernest Gellner Professor of Anthropology
University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA

Dr Susan Morrissey,
School of Slavonic and East European Studies,
University College London, UK

Oleh S. Ilnytzkyj
Professor
Editor of Canadian Slavonic Papers, Modern Languages and Cultural Studies
University of Alberta, Canada

Stephen Wheatcroft
Professor of History
University of Melbourne
Australia

Dr. Kate Holland
Assistant Professor
Dept of Slavic Langs and Lits
Yale University, USA

Dr Philip Cavendish
Senior Lecturer in Russian Literature and Film
Russian Department
SSEES/UCL, UK

Dr Adi Kuntsman,
John Moores University
Liverpool, UK

Sara Dickinson
Associate Professor of Russian Literature and Culture
Università di Genova, Italy

Henryk Baran
Professor of Russian Literature
University at Albany, SUNY
Albany, NY 12222

Dr. Rolf Hellebust
Associate Professor in Russian Studies
University of Nottingham, UK

Andrea Romano
Associate Professor of Contemporary History
Universita’ di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy

Dr. David White
Lecturer in Politics
Centre for Russian and East European Studies
University of Birmingham, UK

Prof. Dr. Marko Snoj,
Head of the Fran Ramovš Institute of the Slovene Language

Lyubov Kiseleva,
Professor of Russian Literature,
University of Tartu, Estonia,
Member of IAH (MAG)

Ostap Hawaleshka, C.M. (Order of Canada), D.Sc.(Hon), M.Eng., P.Eng.
Emeritus Professor (Industrial Engineering), University of Manitoba
Honorary Consul of Ukraine in Manitoba, Canada

Dr Olaf Mertelsmann,
Associate Professor in Contemporary History,
University of Tartu, Estonia

Stuart Goldberg
Assistant Professor of Russian
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA, USA

Jaroslav Rozumnyj Ph.D.
Professor (retired)
University of Manitoba, Canada
Honorary Professor
National University ‘Kyiv-Mohyla Academy’ (Ukraine)

Gabor Klaniczay,
Professor, Central European University,
Budapest

David Shepherd (MA Oxon, PhD Manchester)
Professor of Russian
Director, Humanities Research Institute
University of Sheffield

Prof. Natalia Pylypiuk, PhD
President of the Canadian Association of Slavists (2000–04),
Modern Languages & Cultural Studies
University of Alberta, Canada

Johanna Bockman
Kluge Fellow, Library of Congress
Assistant Professor of Sociology, George Mason University
Fairfax, VA

Professor Jörg Baberowski,
Humboldt University Berlin

Dr Harold Shukman,
Emeritus Fellow, St Antony’s Fellow,
Oxford University.

Dr. Samuel Niedermann
GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam

Manuel Ebert,
BSc Cognitive Science,
Fellow of the German National
Academic Foundation.

Sue-Ann Harding MA, BA, B.Mus, Dip.Ed, A.Mus.A
University of Manchester

John Schillinger
Emeritus Prof. of Russian
American University, Washington, DC
Past President AATSEEL (American Assn. of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages)

Robert A. Rothstein
Walter Raleigh Amesbury, Jr., and Cecile Dudley Amesbury Professor of Polish Language, Literature and Culture
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Secretary-Treasurer, American Committee of Slavists

Professor Julian Cooper
Centre for Russian and East European Studies
University of Birmingham
Birmingham, UK

Natalia Gorbanevskaya
Philologist
Doctor honoris causa of Marie Lublin-Slodewska University, Lublin
Founder and editor of the ‘Chronicle of Current Events’

Prof. Kevin Tuite
Dept of Anthropology
Universite de Montreal, Canada

Karen Hewitt,
Honorary Professor, University of Perm,
Academic Exchange Officer for the St Antony’s Russian and Eurasian Studies Centre,
Tutor in Literature, Oxford University

Dr Sarah Young
Lecturer in Russian
School of Slavonic and East European Studies
University College London, UK

Jonathan Abraham
European University of St Petersburg

Kerstin Schulz
European University of St Petersburg

Olga Blyumin
European University of St Petersburg

Zoya Appel
European University of St Petersburg

Jarlath McGuckin
European University of St Petersburg

Adele Barker
Professor, Russian Studies
University of Arizona

Dr. Jenny Leigh Smith
Assistant Professor of History
Georgia Institute of Technology

Jehanne Gheith
Associate Professor and Chair, Slavic and Eurasian Studies
Co-Director, International Comparative Studies
Duke University, USA

Dr Hubertus Jahn
Clare College, Cambridge
Chair, Cambridge Committee for Russian and East European Studies
University of Cambridge, UK

Dr Khatuna Gvaradze
Slavonic Department
University of Cambridge, UK

Dr Susan Morrissey
School of Slavonic and East European Studies
University College London, UK

Dr Philip Cavendish
Senior Lecturer in Russian Literature and Film
SSEES/UCL

Prof. Iryna Bondarevska, Doctor Nauk,
Professor of Philosophy and Aesthetics,
National University of ‘ Kyiv-Mohyla Academy ‘
Kyiv , Ukraine

Dr. Jenny Kaminer
Lecturer, Department of Russian & Slavonic Studies
University of Sheffield

Kimberly Marten
Professor and Chair
Department of Political Science
Barnard College, Columbia University, NY, USA

Dr Claudine Potvin
Modern Languages & Cultural Studies
University of Alberta, Canada

Isobel Grundy, D.Phil.
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada

Tomas Venclova
Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at Yale, USA University,
Doctor honoris causa of Lublin, Krakow and Torun Universities
Winner of the prize ‘Baltic Star’ (St. Petersburg, 2008)

Robert Chandler,
Poet and Translator

Norman M. Naimark
Robert and Florence McDonnell Professor of East European Studies
Stanford University, USA

Philip G. Cerny, PhD
Professor of Global Affairs
Rutgers University, USA
Professor Emeritus of Government
University of Manchester
Manchester, United Kingdom

Alexander J. Motyl, Professor of Political Science
Rutgers University-Newark, USA

Prof. Jeffrey Brooks
Professor of Russian History
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, USA

Grace Morsberger
PhD Slavic Languages and Literatures,
UC Berkeley, USA

Dr Catherine Andreyev,
Christ Church, Oxford

Irene Sywenky, PhD
Graduate Coordinator
Assistant Professor
Comparative Literature / Modern Languages and Cultural Studies
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

Dr. Katja Richters
Researcher
School of Slavonic & East European Studies
University of London, UK

Brian Gold, (M.A. Harvard)
Professor, Dept. of History & Classics
University of Alberta, Canada

Dr Rachel Platonov
Lecturer in Russian Studies
University of Manchester, UK

David Holloway
Raymond A. Spruance Professor in International History
Stanford University

Victor M. Pergamenshchik
Professor, Ph. D and Dr. Sci.

Dmitri Glinski
Adjunct Assistant Professor, Political Science Department /
Lecturer, School of Continuing Education
Columbia University

Boris Kolonitskii
Senior research fellow,
St. Petersburg Institute of history,
Russian Academy of Sciences
Professor, European University in St.-Petersburg.

Marian Schwartz, M.A.
Past President, American Literary Translators Association

Cathy Popkin
Jesse and George Siegel Professor in the Humanities
Professor of Russian
Columbia University

Tom Priestly
Prof. Emeritus
Modern Languages & Cultural Studies
University of Alberta

Stanley Mitchell,
Emeritus Professor of Aesthetics,
University of Derby,
Honorary Senior Research Fellow,
University College, London

Otto Boele
Associate Professor, Department of Slavic Languages
University of Leiden

Alexander Zholkovsky,
Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures and Comparative Literature,
University of Southern California (Los Angeles)

Mark Conliffe (PhD),
Associate Professor of Russian
Willamette University
Salem, Oregon, USA

Olga Maiorova
Assistant Professor
Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures
the University of Michigan

Catharine Theimer Nepomnyashchy,
Director of the Harriman Institute, Columbia University;
Ann Whitney Olin Professor and Chair of the Slavic Department, Barnard College;
Past-President of AATSEEL (American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages).

Benjamin Nathans
Ronald S. Lauder Associate Professor
Department of History
University of Pennsylvania

Joshua Rubenstein
Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies
Harvard University, USA

Cynthia Simmons
Professor of Slavic Studies
Boston College
Chestnut Hill, USA

Jane Costlow
Professor of Russian
Bates College, Lewiston, Maine

Grzegorz Franczak, PhD.
Lecturer at the University of Milan

Dr. Yuri Corrigan
Visiting Lecturer
Wellesley College

Dr. Leonid Livak,
Associate professor
Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures
University of Toronto

Jekaterina Shulga MA
PhD candidate
University College London

Helena Goscilo
Professor of Slavic
University of Pittsburgh

Alexandra Polivanova
Sakharov Fellow
Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies
Harvard University

Patricia Herlihy Ph.D. Professor Emerita, Brown University
Louise Wyant Professor of the College
Emmanuel College
Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Gulnaz Sharafutdinova
Assistant Professor
Department of Political Science Department and International Studies Program
Miami University

Dr Miriam Dobson
University of Sheffield

Andreas Umland, M. Phil. (Oxford), Dr. phil. (FU Berlin),
Research Fellow at The Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt,
Bavaria, Germany

Alexander Yanov,
Prof. of Russian history,
City University of New York

Robert Wilcocks
Professor Emeritus
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

Robert Romanchuk, PhD
Associate Professor of Slavic
Department of Modern Languages
Florida State University, USA
Co-Editor, Polata Knigopisnaia

Kevin M. F. Platt
Chair, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, USA

Dr. Erika Wolf
Senior Lecturer
Programme in Art History and Theory
Department of History,
University of Otago

Hugh McLean
Professor Emeritus of Russian Literature,
University of California, Berkeley

David Powelstock,
Chair, Russian and East European Studies
Brandeis University

Dr Marja Jänis,
Senior Researcher,
Deparment of Foreign Languages and Translation Studies,
University of Joensuu, Finland.

Helen Dunmore, FRSL
Novelist and independent scholar

Ivor A Stodolsky
Researcher, Independent Curator

Dr Jacob Edmond
Senior Lecturer
Department of English,
University of Otago, New Zealand

Ray Thomas
Honorary Research Fellow
Faculty of Social Sciences
Open University, England

Dr. Stefan Rohdewald
Lehrstuhl fur Neuere und Neueste Geschichte Osteuropas und seiner Kulturen
Universitaet Passau

Stephen M. Norris
Associate Professor of History
Director of Film Studies
Miami University

Michael Khodarkovsky
Professor of History
Member of the Board of Directors of the American Slavic Association (AAASS)

Lucyna Gebert,
Professor of Slavic Linguistics,
University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’,
Italy

Anthony Anemone
Chair & Associate Provost of Foreign Languages
The New School, NY, USA

Valerie Sperling
Associate Professor of Government and International Relations
Clark University
Worcester, MA, USA

Tore Hattermann
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Telegraphenberg A62, 14473 Potsdam, Germany

Gerald Pirog, Ph. D.
Associate Professor Program Director
Program in Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures
Rutgers the State University of New Jersey

Pari Gupta
PhD student, City University London

Jeremy Putley, BA FCCA FSI

Massimo Verdicchio
Professor of Italian and Comparative Literature
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Prof. Dr. Rainer Kind
Professor at Free University of Berlin
Fellow of American Geophysical Union

Benjamin Sutcliffe,
Assistant Professor of Russian,
Miami University, UK

Dr. Zina Gimpelevich, Professor of Russian,
University of Waterloo, Canada
President, Canadian Association of Slavists
President, Belarusan Institute of Arts & Sciences, Canada (BINiM)

Dr Liisa Byckling
University of Helsinki, Finland
Visiting Scholar
Wolfson College
University of Oxford

Dr Rebecca Edwards
Department of History
Swansea University, UK

Dr Rachel Bowen
Beacon for Wales Office
Public Relations and Communications Division
Cardiff University

Dr Rafal Pankowski,
‘Never Again’ Association and Collegium Civitas,
Warsaw

Dr. Anne O. Fisher
NEH Collaborative Research Grant, Spring 2009
Research Associate, Department of German and Russian, Williams College

Dr. Deborah A. Martinsen
Associate Dean of Alumni Education
Adj. Associate Professor of Slavic
Columbia University
President, International Dostoevsky Society
Executive Secretary, North American Dostoevsky Society

Anna Schor-Tschudnowskaja
Projektleiterin Osteuropa
Lehrstuhl für Vergleichende Vermögenskultur
Sigmund Freud PrivatUniversität Wien, Austria;
Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung
Frankfurt/Main, Germany

Kenneth Lantz
Professor Emeritus
Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures
University of Toronto
Toronto, Canada

Prof. John Jaworsky
Department of Political Science
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, ON, Canada

Professor Terry Cox, BA PhD
Professor of Central and East European Studies
President of the British Association of Slavonic and East European Studies
Department of Central and East European Studies
University of Glasgow

Dr Julie Curtis,
M.A., D.Phil. (Oxon.),
University Lecturer in Russian and Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford

Dr Stephen Lovell,
King’s College London

Dr. Martha Merritt
Associate Dean for International Education
The University of Chicago

Sasha Dugdale,
Russian translator

Bohdan Rubchak
Professor Emeritus of Slavic and Comparative Literatures
University of Illinois at Chicago
Ukrainian President’s medal of the third degree for contributions to Ukrainian culture in the United Sates

Stefanie Schiffer, MA,
Executive Director European Exchange, Berlin
Member of Board ‘Human Rights in Belarus’, Berlin

Martha W. Hickey
Director of International Studies, Portland State University
Assoc. Prof. of Russian

Felix Ackermann PhD,
Director of the support programme ‘Geschichtswerkstatt Europa’,
Institute for applied history, Frankfurt (Oder)

David Gadsby
Assistant Director
Center for Heritage Resource Studies
University of Maryland

Carol Apollonio
Associate Professor of the Practice of Russian
Duke University

Dr. Joseph Peschio
Assistant Professor of Russian
Coordinator, Slavic Languages Program
Chair, Russian and East European Studies Certificate Program
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee

Catherine Wanner
Associate Professor
of History and Anthropology
108 Weaver Building
The Pennsylvania State University

Dr. Andrij Hornjatkevyc
Associate Professor
Department of Modern Languages and Cultural Studies [and]
Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies
University of Alberta, Canada

Roman Utkin, M.A.
Independent scholar, Connecticut, USA.

Karen Dawisha
Director, Havighurst Center for Russian and East European Studies
Miami University
Oxford Ohio USA

Dr. Nina Balz
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
Abt. Bestandsaufbau/Erschließung
Redaktion ZfBB und BFB
Ludwigstraße 16
D-80539 München

Anna Reid, MA
University of London

Dr Anaïs MARIN (Sciences Po Paris), Research Fellow at the Helsinki
Collegium for Advanced Studies (Finland)

Dr Carol Adlam
Senior Lecturer in Russian
Head of Russian
Department of Modern Languages
University of Exeter

Ksenia Poloektova,
Lady Davis post-doctoral fellow at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.

Laura Quercioli Mincer
Lecturer, Jewish History and Culture in the Slavic Countries, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’

Christopher Lash, PhD candidate in History
Manchester University, UK

Kathryn Mathe
Information Officer, OSA Archivum,
Budapest, Hungary

Robert Romanchuk, PhD
Associate Professor of Slavic
Department of Modern Languages
Florida State University, USA

Dr. Patty A. Gray,
Lecturer, Department of Anthropology,
National University of Ireland Maynooth

Adrian Ivakhiv, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, University of Vermont, USA

Masha Perovic, MA
Sustainable Environmental Management

John Kampfner
Director, Index on Censorship

Dr Ruth Coates, University of Bristol, Department of Russian Studies (BA Mod Langs, Bristol; DPhil Queen’s College, Oxford)

Alexander J. Motyl,
Professor of Political Science
Rutgers University-Newark, USA

Catherine Crowther
Society of Analytical Psychology (SAP): Chair of Training Committee International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP): Convener of training programme in analytical psychology in Russia and Liaison Officer for St Petersburg Developing Group

Dr. Wayles Browne, Assoc. Prof. of Linguistics
Department of Linguistics
Cornell University

Dr Stephanie Palmer
Lecturer in Law
University of Cambridge

Maureen Tighe-Brown, M.A., M.S.N.
Doctoral candidate in European history
Department of History,
University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Dr Claudine Potvin
Modern Languages & Cultural Studies
University of Alberta
200 Arts Building
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Dr. Emily Johnson
Associate Professor
Dept. of Modern Languages, Literatures & Linguistics
University of Oklahoma

Jerry Katsell
Independent Scholar
Del Mar, CA, USA

Dr. Gábor T. Rittersporn
Research Director
Centre National de la
Recherches Scientifique
Paris

Ronald D. LeBlanc
Professor of Russian and Humanities
Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures
Murkland Hall
University of New Hampshire

Vladimir Padunov
Associate Professor
Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures
Associate Director, Film Studies Program
University of Pittsburgh

Anne Lounsbery,
Associate Professor of Russian Literature and Director of Graduate Study, New York University

Christina Kramer,
Professor and Chair
University of Kiril i Metodi, Skopje, Macedonia

Jaroslav Rozumnyj Ph.D.
Professor (retired)
University of Manitoba, Canada
Honorary Professor
National University ‘Kyiv-Mohyla Academy’ (Ukraine)

Matthew Evangelista
Professor and Chair
Department of Government
Cornell University

James Richter
Professor of Politics
Bates College
Lewiston, Maine

Martin Dewhirst,
Honorary Research Fellow,
Department of Slavonic Studies,
University of Glasgow.

Inna Shtakser,
Visiting Assistant Professor,
Dalhousie University, Canada

Alexa von Winning,
Student, University of Tübingen

Jan Plamper, Ph.D.
Max Planck Institute for Human Development
Lentzeallee 94
14195 Berlin, Germany

Helen Petrovsky
Senior research associate,
Institute of Philosophy,
Russian Academy of Sciences

Dr Neil Robinson,
Senior Lecturer in Politics,
Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Limerick, Ireland

Giovanna Brogi
Professor
University of Milan

Julie Draskoczy
MA, University of Pittsburgh

Dr. Richard Buchner,
Zeithistoriker, D 14165 BERLIN

Rossen Djagalov,
PhD candidate, Yale University

Alberto Masoero
Professor of Russian History
University of Venice

Prof. Dr. Karsten Brüggemann
Tallinn University
Institute of History

Prof. Iryna Bondarevska,
Professor of Philosophy and Aesthetics,
National University of ‘ Kyiv-Mohyla Academy ‘
Kyiv, Ukraine

Dr. Olga Meerson
Associate Professor of Russian
Georgetown University
Washington, DC

Dr. Jenny Kaminer
Lecturer, Department of Russian & Slavonic Studies
University of Sheffield

Professor Natalia Pervukhina-Kamyshnikova
Department of Modern Foreign Languages and Literatures
University of Tennessee
Knoxville

Yulia Spytska
MA International Relations Research Student
University of Essex, UK

Philippe Frison,
Strasbourg (France), translator.

Lyudmyla Volynets
Free University of Berlin

Petra Hroch,
University of Alberta, Canada.

Professor Frances Millard,
Department of Government,
University of Essex

Dmitrii Kozlov
Pomorskii gosudarstvennyi universitet
Archangelsk, Russia

Flora Roberts,
University of Chicago

Kari Kaunismaa, MSS
Soiskatel doktorskoi stupen
Paimio, Finland

Dr Stefanie Ortmann,
London School of Economics

Denis Kosygin,
Mathematician,
New York University, USA

Lara Weibgen
Ph.D. candidate, Yale University

Lauren Kaminsky
Associate Faculty, New York University
Fulbright-Hays DDRA Fellow

Mariana Ivanova Markova
PhC Anthropology Department
University of Washington

Andrew Janco,
Ph.D. Candidate, University of Chicago

Dr. Gail Faurschou
Department of Sociology
University of Alberta,
Canada

Olga Livshin
M.A., Ph.D. Candidate,
University of Alaska Anchorage

Bohdan Rubchak
Professor Emeritus of Slavic and Comparative Literatures
University of Illinois at Chicago

Julia Herzberg, Doctoral Student, Department of History at Bielefeld
University (Germany)

Vera Shibanova
Jacob-Burckhardtstr. 13
78464 Konstanz

Benjamin H. Loring
Postdoctoral Fellow in Central Asian Affairs
Center for Eurasian, Russian and East European Studies (CERES)
Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service
Georgetown University

Svitlana Krys,
PhD Candidate, University of Alberta, Canada.

Yulia Spytska
MA International Relations Research Student
University of Essex

Martin Beisswenger
PhD Candidate
Department of History
University of Notre Dame
USA

Margaret Samu
Ph.D. Candidate in Art History
Institute of Fine Arts, New York University

Lisa Min
UT Austin

Benjamin J. Beresford, MA
Bryn Mawr College

Martin Malek
Political scientist
Vienna, Austria

Dr. Lorenz Kaehler, M.A.
Germany

Dr. Richard Buchner (Zeithistoriker)
14165 Berlin, Camphausenstraße 44 D.
Germany

Steven A. Barnes, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of History,
Project Director and Lead Historian
George Mason University, VA, USA

Michael J. Mikos,
Professor of Slavic Languages,
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Simon Ertz, М.А.,
Visiting Fellow, Dept. of History, Moscow State University

Friederike Otto
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research

Ralph Lindheim
Professor Emeritus
Dept. of Slavic Languages and Literatures
University of Toronto

Sergei Kan
Professor of Anthroppology
Dartmouth College

Arnold McMillin
Emeritus Professor,
London University

Dina Gusejnova
PhD Candidate in History
Peterhouse, Cambridge

Tony Swift,
Senior Lecturer in History,
University of Essex

Dr Olga Tutubalina
Scott Polar Research Institute
Senior Researcher
Laboratory of Aerospace Methods,
Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University

Mark L. von Hagen
Professor and Chair
Department of History
Arizona State University

Dr Alexander Etkind
Reader in Russian Litarture and Cultural History
Fellow of King’s College
Cambridge University

Daniel G. Prior
Assistant Professor, History
Executive Director, Central Eurasian Studies Society
Miami University

Bettina Nir-Vered
M.A. – Germany

Rebecca Manley, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of History
Queen’s University
Kingston, Ontario

Dr. Susanne Scholl
Austria