ABOUT FREE EXPRESSION

THE RIGHT TO FREE EXPRESSION

Free expression is vital to humanity and the foundation of a free society. It creates the space for the exchange of ideas in the arts, literature, religion, academia, politics and science, and is essential for other rights like freedom of conscience. Without free expression, ideas cannot be tested. Without free expression, individuals cannot make informed decisions.

HOW IS IT PROTECTED?

Free expression is a universal human right enshrined in Article 19 of the United Nation’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states: “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”

The right to free expression is also contained in Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights: “Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers.” The right extends to views that are unpopular or even upsetting and offensive to others.

The convention, however, also says free expression must be balanced against other rights such as the right to privacy and, in certain cases, can be restricted.

Comedian Nish Kumar hosts the 2019 Freedom of Expression Awards (Photo: Elina Kansikas for Index on Censorship)

WHERE DO WE DRAW THE LINE?

Index promotes and protects freedom of expression. As a general principle, we advocate for more speech, not less. We believe that free expression should only be limited in rare circumstances. One line is where the speech itself incites violence or where there is a direct and imminent threat of violence being committed as a result of the expression. Beyond that it can be restricted for specific reasons like national security, public safety or the protection of other essential rights. We carefully monitor that such bars have been met and are not instead being used to justify clampdowns without merit.

“Freedom of expression is not self-perpetuating, but rather has to be maintained through the constant vigilance of those who care about it.”

Index on Censorship magazine, 1972

READ MORE ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Serbia: Solidarity with Slavko Ćuruvija Foundation following another setback in its quest for justice

The Serbian editor was gunned down outside his apartment in Belgrade in 1999 and those responsible have evaded justice

Index honours Virginia Giuffre and Sarah Wynn-Williams with the Freedom to Publish Award

The authors were awarded for their bravery in standing up to rich and powerful people

Serbian authorities must stop the spiral of violence against journalists

Media freedom in Serbia remains trapped in a downward spiral amidst record levels of physical violence against journalists, death threats and online smear campaigns, alarming levels of impunity, and tight political control over the media landscape, a coalition of media freedom organisations concluded

Kosovo: Council of Europe platform partners conduct fact-finding mission on media freedom

A delegation will meet Prime Minister Albin Kurti as well as editors and journalists, the parliamentary media committee, judicial authorities and regulatory bodies

Serbia: Media freedom mission to probe longstanding challenges and advocate for reform

On 26-27 March 2026, partner organisations of the Media Freedom Rapid Response (MFRR) and of the Council of Europe Platform for the Protection of Journalism and Safety of Journalists will conduct a mission to Serbia

STATEMENTS:

Serbia: Solidarity with Slavko Ćuruvija Foundation following another setback in its quest for justice

The Serbian editor was gunned down outside his apartment in Belgrade in 1999 and those responsible have evaded justice

Index honours Virginia Giuffre and Sarah Wynn-Williams with the Freedom to Publish Award

The authors were awarded for their bravery in standing up to rich and powerful people

Serbian authorities must stop the spiral of violence against journalists

Media freedom in Serbia remains trapped in a downward spiral amidst record levels of physical violence against journalists, death threats and online smear campaigns, alarming levels of impunity, and tight political control over the media landscape, a coalition of media freedom organisations concluded

Kosovo: Council of Europe platform partners conduct fact-finding mission on media freedom

A delegation will meet Prime Minister Albin Kurti as well as editors and journalists, the parliamentary media committee, judicial authorities and regulatory bodies

Serbia: Media freedom mission to probe longstanding challenges and advocate for reform

On 26-27 March 2026, partner organisations of the Media Freedom Rapid Response (MFRR) and of the Council of Europe Platform for the Protection of Journalism and Safety of Journalists will conduct a mission to Serbia

The BBC World Service must be defended not defunded

Index and other organisations call on the UK government to provide clarity over public broadcaster’s funding at a critical time

Kosovo: Media freedom groups demand adequate budget for broadcaster RTK

A proposed 60% shortfall would limit its ability to operate independently and to fulfil its mission to inform citizens on matters of public interest

Jimmy Lai’s guilty verdict is a disgrace

The guilty verdict delivered today is one of the biggest signs of how corrupt and unfree Hong Kong has become

Joint statement demands immediate release of Algerian Hirak poet Mohamed Tadjadit

Index calls on authorities to drop all charges against the activist and his 12 co-defendants, who all face the death penalty

Hungary: a severely restricted media environment

The Council of Europe’s Platform for the safety of journalists issues statement after members, including Index, visited to meet with media workers, legal experts and civil society representatives

New report: Urgent reform needed on media freedom in Bulgaria

Modest progress has been made in the last four years but government and public authorities must do more

Bulgaria: Press freedom undermined by political polarisation and delayed reforms

A coalition of international press freedom organisations including Index has called for urgent action to push forward domestic and EU-mandated reforms

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